Glossy
Corpus
Viewer
Editor
+ New Text
Documentation
Editing workspace
The voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Translated and glossed by Tyler Lemon · September 30, 2026
Switch text:
Beowulf: Prologue (Lines 1–11)
The voyages of Ohthere and Wulfstan
Reload Master .tex
Discard edits
Export LaTeX
Save to TinaCMS
SENTENCE NAVIGATOR
75 sentences loaded
← Prev
Sentence 1
Sentence 2
Sentence 3
Sentence 4
Sentence 5
Sentence 6
Sentence 7
Sentence 8
Sentence 9
Sentence 10
Sentence 11
Sentence 12
Sentence 13
Sentence 14
Sentence 15
Sentence 16
Sentence 17
Sentence 18
Sentence 19
Sentence 20
Sentence 21
Sentence 22
Sentence 23
Sentence 24
Sentence 25
Sentence 26
Sentence 27
Sentence 28
Sentence 29
Sentence 30
Sentence 31
Sentence 32
Sentence 33
Sentence 34
Sentence 35
Sentence 36
Sentence 37
Sentence 38
Sentence 39
Sentence 40
Sentence 41
Sentence 42
Sentence 43
Sentence 44
Sentence 45
Sentence 46
Sentence 47
Sentence 48
Sentence 49
Sentence 50
Sentence 51
Sentence 52
Sentence 53
Sentence 54
Sentence 55
Sentence 56
Sentence 57
Sentence 58
Sentence 59
Sentence 60
Sentence 61
Sentence 62
Sentence 63
Sentence 64
Sentence 65
Sentence 66
Sentence 67
Sentence 68
Sentence 69
Sentence 70
Sentence 71
Sentence 72
Sentence 73
Sentence 74
Sentence 75
Next →
Live preview & document feed
Sentence 1
Ōhthere
Ohthere.NOM
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
his
3SG.M.GEN
hlāford-e,
lord-DAT.SG
Ælfrēd-e
Alfred-DAT.SG
cyning-e,
king-DAT.SG
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
eal-ra
all-GEN.PL.STR
Norð-monn-a
north-man-GEN.PL
norþ-mest
north-most.ADV
bū-d-e.
dwell-PST-SJV.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Ohthere said to his lord, King Alfred, that he lived the furthest north of all Norwegians.
Sentence 2
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
cwæð
say.PST.IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
bū-d-e
dwell-PST-SJV.SG
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e
land-DAT.SG
norþ-weard-um
north-ward-DAT.SG.N.STR
wiþ
against
þā
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.F
West-sǣ.
west-sea.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
He said that he lived in the northern part of the land by the West Sea (ocean west of Norway).
Sentence 3
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
þēah
though
þæt
COMP
þæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
land
land.NOM.SG
sīe
be.PRS.SJV.SG
swīþ-e
strong-ADV
lang
long.NOM.SG.N.STR
norþ
north.ADV
þonan,
thence
ac
but
hit
3SG.N.NOM
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
eal
all.NOM.SG.N
wēst-e,
waste-NOM.SG.N.STR
būton
except
on
in
fēaw-um
few-DAT.PL.STR
stōw-um
place-DAT.PL
styċċe-mǣl-um
piece-meal-DAT.PL
wīc-i-að
camp-THM-PRS.IND.PL
Finn-as
Finn-NOM.PL
on
in
hunt-oð-e
hunt-NMLZ-DAT.SG
on
in
wintr-a
winter-DAT.SG
and
and
on
in
sumer-a
summer-DAT.SG
on
in
fisc-aþ-e
fish-NMLZ-DAT.SG
be
by
þǣre
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.F
sǣ.
sea.DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
He said though that the land continues very long to the north from there, but it is all uninhabited, except in a few places here and there Finns (i.e. Sami) camp, hunting in winter and in summer fishing by the sea.
Sentence 4
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
æt
at
sum-um
some-DAT.SG.M.STR
ċirr-e
occasion-DAT.SG
wol-d-e
want-PST-SJV.SG
fand-i-an
find.out-THM-INF
hū
how
long-e
long-ADV
þæt
DEM.DIST
land
land.NOM.SG
norþ-ryht-e
north-right-ADV
lǣġ-e,
lie.PST-SJV.SG
oþþe
or
hwæðer
whether
ǣniġ
any.NOM.SG.M.STR
mon
man.NOM.SG
be-norð-an
by-north-from
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
wēstenn-e
wasteland-DAT.SG
bū-d-e.
dwell-PST-SJV.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
He said that on one occasion he wanted to find out how far that land lay to the north, or whether anyone lived to the north of the wilderness.
Sentence 5
Þā
then
fōr
travel.PST.IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
norþ-ryht-e
north-right-ADV
be
by
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e.
land-DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then he traveled north near the land.
Sentence 6
Lēt
let.PST.IND.3SG
him
3SG.M.DAT
eal-ne
all-ACC.SG.M.STR
weġ
way.ACC.SG
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
wēst-e
waste-ACC.SG.N.WK
land
land.ACC.SG
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
stēor-bord
steering-board.ACC.SG
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.F
wīd-sǣ
wide-sea.ACC.SG
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
bæc-bord
back-board.ACC.SG
þrīe
three.ACC.M
dag-as;
day-ACC.PL
þā
then
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
swā
as
feor
far.ADV
norþ
north.ADV
swā
as
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
hwæl-hunt-an
whale-hunt-AGT.NOM.PL.M
firr-est
far-SUP.ADV
far-aþ.
travel-PRS.IND.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
The whole way he kept the empty land to his starboard and the open sea to his port side for three days; then he was as far north as the whale hunters travel at the farthest.
Sentence 7
Þā
then
fōr
travel.PST.IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
þā
then
ġīet
yet
norþ-ryht-e
north-right-ADV
swā
as
feor
far.ADV
swā
as
hē
3SG.M.NOM
meah-t-e
can-PST-IND.3SG
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
ōþr-um
other-DAT.PL.STR
þri-m
three-DAT
dag-um
day-DAT.PL
ġe-siġl-an.
PFX-sail-INF
FREE TRANSLATION
Then he traveled still northwards as far as he could sail in the next three days.
Sentence 8
Þā
then
bēag
turn.PST.IND.3SG
þæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
land
land.NOM.SG
þǣr
there
ēast-ryht-e,
east-right-ADV
oþþe
or
sēo
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.F
sǣ
sea.NOM.SG
in
in
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
lond,
land.ACC.SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
n-yss-e
NEG-know.PST-IND.3SG
hwæðer,
whether
būton
except
hē
3SG.M.NOM
wiss-e
know.PST-IND.3SG
ðæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
ðǣr
there
bād
wait.PST.IND.3SG
west-an-wind-es
west-from-wind-GEN.SG
and
and
hwōn
a.little
norþ-an
north-from
and
and
siġl-d-e
sail-PST-IND.3SG
ðā
then
ēast
east.ADV
be
by
land-e
land-DAT.SG
swā
as
swā
as
hē
3SG.M.NOM
meah-t-e
can-PST-IND.3SG
on
in
fēower
four
dag-um
day-DAT.PL
ġe-siġl-an.
PFX-sail-INF
FREE TRANSLATION
Then the land turned eastwards, or the sea turned into the land, he did not know which, but he knew that he waited there for wind from the west and a little from the north and then sailed east by land as far as he could sail in four days.
Sentence 9
Þā
then
sċẹol-d-e
have.to-PST-IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
ðǣr
there
bīd-an
wait-INF
ryht-norþ-an-wind-es,
right-north-from-wind-GEN.SG
for
for
ðǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.N
þæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
land
land.NOM.SG
bēag
turn.PST.IND.3SG
þǣr
there
sūþ-ryht-e,
south-right-ADV
oþþe
or
sēo
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.F
sǣ
sea.NOM.SG
in
in
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
land,
land.ACC.SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
n-yss-e
NEG-know.PST-IND.3SG
hwæþer.
whether
FREE TRANSLATION
Then he had to wait there for a wind from due north, because the land turned south there, or the sea turned into the land, he did not know which.
Sentence 10
Þā
then
siġl-d-e
sail-PST-IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
þonan
thence
sūð-ryht-e
south-right-ADV
be
by
land-e
land-DAT.SG
swā
as
swā
as
hē
3SG.M.NOM
meh-t-e
can-PST-IND.3SG
on
in
fīf
five
dag-um
day-DAT.PL
ġe-siġl-an.
PFX-sail-INF
FREE TRANSLATION
Then he sailed southwards from there near land as far as he could sail in five days.
Sentence 11
Ðā
then
læġ
lie.PST.IND.3SG
þǣr
there
ān
one.NOM.SG.F
miċel
large.NOM.SG.F.STR
ēa
river.NOM.SG
ūp
up
in
in
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
land.
land.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
There a large river led up into the land.
Sentence 12
Þā
then
ċir-d-on
turn-PST-IND.PL
hīe
3PL.NOM
ūp
up
in
in
on
in
ðā
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.F
ēa,
river.ACC.SG
for
for
þǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.N
hīe
3PL.NOM
ne
NEG
dors-t-on
dare-PST-IND.PL
forþ
forth.ADV
bī
by
þǣre
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.F
ēa
river.DAT.SG
siġl-an
sail-INF
for
for
un-friþ-e,
un-peace-DAT.SG
for
for
þǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.N
ðæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
land
land.NOM.SG
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
eall
all.NOM.SG.N
ġe-bū-n
PFX-dwell-PART.NOM.SG.N.STR
on
in
ōþr-e
other-ACC.SG.F.STR
healf-e
side-ACC.SG
þǣre
DET.DEF.GEN.SG.F
ēa-s.
river-GEN.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then they turned up into the river, because they did not dare sail forth by the river for fear of hostility, because the land was all settled on the other side of the river.
Sentence 13
Ne
NEG
mēt-t-e
meet-PST-IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
ǣr
before
n-ān
NEG-one.ACC.SG.N
ġe-bū-n
PFX-dwell-PART.ACC.SG.N.STR
land
land.ACC.SG
siþþan
after
hē
3SG.M.NOM
from
from
his
3SG.M.GEN
āgn-um
own-DAT.SG.M.STR
hām
home.DAT.SG
fōr,
travel.PST.IND.3SG
ac
but
him
3SG.M.DAT
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
eal-ne
all-ACC.SG.M.STR
weġ
way.ACC.SG
wēst-e
waste-NOM.SG.N.STR
land
land.NOM.SG
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
stēor-bord,
steering-board.ACC.SG
būtan
except
fisċ-er-um
fish-AGT.M-DAT.PL
and
and
fugel-er-um
fowl-AGT.M-DAT.PL
and
and
hunt-um,
hunt-AGT.DAT.PL.M
and
and
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
wǣr-on
be.PST-IND.PL
eall
all.NOM.SG.N
Finn-as,
Finn-NOM.PL
and
and
him
3SG.M.DAT
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
ā
always
wīd-sǣ
wide-sea.NOM.SG
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
bæc-bord.
back-board.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
He had not encountered any settled land before since he traveled from his own home, but the whole way there there had been empty land to his starboard except for fishermen and fowlers and hunters, and they were all Finns, and open sea was always to his port side.
Sentence 14
Þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Beorm-as
Bjarmian-NOM.PL
hæf-d-on
have-PST-IND.PL
swīþ-e
strong-ADV
wel
well
ġe-bū-d
PFX-dwell-PART.ACC.SG.N.STR
hira
3PL.GEN
land,
land.ACC.SG
ac
but
hīe
3PL.NOM
ne
NEG
dors-t-on
dare-PST-IND.PL
þǣr-on
there-in
cum-an.
come-INF
FREE TRANSLATION
The Bjarmians (Permians?, Komi?) had very widely cultivated their land, but they (Ohthere and his crew) did not dare go there.
Sentence 15
Ac
but
þāra
DET.DEF.GEN.PL
Ter-finn-a
Ter-Finn-GEN.PL
land
land.NOM.SG
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
eal
all.NOM.SG.N
wēst-e,
waste-NOM.SG.N.STR
būton
except
ðǣr
there
hunt-an
hunt-AGT.NOM.PL.M
ġe-wīc-o-d-on
PFX-camp-THM-PST-IND.PL
oþþe
or
fisċ-er-as
fish-AGT.M-NOM.PL
oþþe
or
fugel-er-as.
fowl-AGT.M-NOM.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
But the land of the Terfinns (Ter-Sami?) was all uninhabited, except where hunters camped, or fishermen or fowlers.
Sentence 16
Fela
many
spell-a
story-GEN.PL
him
3SG.M.DAT
sǣ-d-on
say-PST-IND.PL
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Beorm-as
Bjarmian-NOM.PL
ǣġþer
each
ġe
and
of
from
hiera
3PL.GEN
āgn-um
own-DAT.SG.N.STR
land-e
land-DAT.SG
ġe
and
of
from
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
land-um
land-DAT.PL
þe
REL
ymb
around
hīe
3PL.ACC
ūt-an
out-from
wǣr-on,
be.PST-IND.PL
ac
but
hē
3SG.M.NOM
n-ys-t-e
NEG-know-PST-IND.3SG
hwæt
what.ACC
þæs
DET.DEF.GEN.SG.N
sōþ-es
truth-GEN.SG
wæs,
be.PST.IND.3SG
for
for
þǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.N
hē
3SG.M.NOM
hit
3SG.N.ACC
self
self.NOM.SG.M.STR
ne
NEG
ġe-seah.
PFX-see.PST.IND.3SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Many stories the Bjarmians told him both about their own land and about the lands that were around them, but he did not know how much was true, because he did not see it himself.
Sentence 17
Þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Finn-as,
Finn-NOM.PL
him
3SG.M.DAT
þūh-t-e,
seem-PST-IND.3SG
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Beorm-as
Bjarmian-NOM.PL
sprǣc-on
speak.PST-IND.PL
nēah
near.ADV
ān
one.ACC.SG.N
ġe-þēod-e.
PFX-language-ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
The Finns, it seemed to him, and the Bjarmians spoke almost the same language.
Sentence 18
Swīþ-ost
strong-SUP.ADV
hē
3SG.M.NOM
fōr
travel.PST.IND.3SG
ðider,
to.there
tō-ēac-an
to-eke-DAT.SG
þæs
DET.DEF.GEN.SG.N
land-es
land-GEN.SG
sċēaw-ung-e,
show-NMLZ-DAT.SG
for
for
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
hors-hwæl-um,
horse-whale-DAT.PL
for
for
ðǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.N
hīe
3PL.NOM
habb-að
have-PRS.IND.PL
swīþ-e
strong-ADV
æþel-e
noble-ACC.SG.N.STR
bān
bone.ACC.SG
on
in
hiora
3PL.GEN
tōþ-um
tooth-DAT.PL
(
(
þā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
tēð
tooth.ACC.PL
hīe
3PL.NOM
brōh-t-on
bring-PST-IND.PL
sum-e
some-ACC.PL.M.STR
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
cyning-e
king-DAT.SG
),
)
and
and
hiora
3PL.GEN
hȳd
hide.NOM.SG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
swīð-e
strong-ADV
gōd
good.NOM.SG.F.STR
tō
to
sċip-rāp-um.
ship-rope-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
He traveled there mostly, in addition to the exploration of the land, for the walruses, because they have very fine bone in their teeth (the teeth they brought some of for the king), and their hide is very good for ships' ropes.
Sentence 19
Sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
hwæl
whale.NOM.SG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
micl-e
large-ADV
lǣss-a
little.CMP-NOM.SG.M.WK
þonne
than
ōðre
other-NOM.PL.M.STR
hwal-as:
whale-NOM.PL
ne
NEG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
leng-r-a
long-CMP-NOM.SG.M.WK
ðonne
than
syfan
seven
eln-a
ell-GEN.PL
lang.
long.NOM.SG.M.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
This whale is much smaller than other whales: it is not longer than 7 ells ($sim$14 feet) long.
Sentence 20
Ac
but
on
in
his
3SG.M.GEN
āgn-um
own-DAT.SG.N.STR
land-e
land-DAT.SG
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
bet-st-a
good-SUP-NOM.SG.M.WK
hwæl-hunt-að:
whale-hunt-NMLZ.NOM.SG
þā
DEM.DIST.NOM.PL
bēo-ð
be.HAB-IND.PL
eahta
eight
and
and
fēower-tiġ-es
four-ty-GEN.SG
eln-a
ell-GEN.PL
lang-e,
long-NOM.PL.M.STR
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
mǣ-st-an
large-SUP-NOM.PL.M.WK
fīf-tiġ-es
five-ty-GEN.SG
eln-a
ell-GEN.PL
lang-e.
long-NOM.PL.M.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
But in his own land is the best whale hunting: those (whales) are 48 ells long and the biggest 50 ells long.
Sentence 21
Þāra
DEM.DIST.GEN.PL
hē
3SG.M.NOM
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
syx-a
six-GEN.PL
sum
some.NOM.SG.M
of-slōg-e
from-slay.PST-SJV.SG
syx-tiġ
six-ty
on
in
twā-m
two-DAT
dag-um.
day-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
Of these (whales), he said that he as part of a crew of 6 (whalers) killed 60 in two days.
Sentence 22
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
spēd-iġ
wealth-ADJ.NOM.SG.M.STR
man
man.NOM.SG
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
ǣht-um
possession-DAT.PL
þe
REL
heora
3PL.GEN
spēd-a
wealth-NOM.PL
on
in
bēo-ð,
be.HAB-IND.PL
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
on
in
wildr-um.
wild.beast-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
He was a very wealthy man in the possessions that their wealth is based on, which is wild beasts.
Sentence 23
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
hæf-d-e
have-PST-IND.3SG
þā
then
ġȳt,
yet
ðā
then
hē
3SG.M.NOM
þone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
cyningc
king.ACC.SG
sōh-t-e,
seek-PST-IND.3SG
tamr-a
tame-GEN.PL.STR
dēor-a
animal-GEN.PL
un-be-boh-t-ra
un-by-buy-PART-GEN.PL.STR
syx
six
hund
hundred.ACC.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
He still had, when he visited the king, 600 unsold tame animals.
Sentence 24
Þā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
dēor
animal.ACC.PL
hī
3PL.NOM
hāt-að
call-PRS.IND.PL
hrān-as;
reindeer-ACC.PL
þāra
DEM.DIST.GEN.PL
wǣr-on
be.PST-IND.PL
syx
six
stæl-hrān-as,
decoy-reindeer-NOM.PL
ðā
DEM.DIST.NOM.PL
bēo-ð
be.HAB-IND.PL
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
dȳr-e
dear-NOM.PL.M.STR
mid
with
Finn-um,
Finn-DAT.PL
for
for
ðǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.N
hȳ
3PL.NOM
fō-ð
catch-PRS.IND.PL
þā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
wild-an
wild-ACC.PL.WK
hrān-as
reindeer-ACC.PL
mid.
with
FREE TRANSLATION
Those animals they call reindeer; of these, 6 were decoy reindeer, which are very valuable to the Finns, because they catch the wild reindeer with them.
Sentence 25
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
mid
with
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
fyrst-um
first-DAT.PL.WK
mann-um
man-DAT.PL
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e;
land-DAT.SG
n-æf-d-e
NEG-have-PST-IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
þēah
though
mā
large.COMP.ADV
ðonne
than
twēn-tiġ
two-ty
hrȳðer-a
cow-GEN.PL
and
and
twēn-tiġ
two-ty
sċēap-a
sheep-GEN.PL
and
and
twēn-tiġ
two-ty
swȳn-a,
swine-GEN.PL
and
and
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
lȳtl-e
little-ACC.SG.M.WK
þæt
DEM.DIST.ACC.SG.N
hē
3SG.M.NOM
ere-d-e
plough-PST-IND.3SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
ere-d-e
plough-PST-IND.3SG
mid
with
hors-an.
horse-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
He was among the principal men in that land, though he did not have more than 20 cows and 20 sheep and 20 swine, and the little (land) that he ploughed, he ploughed with horses.
Sentence 26
Ac
but
hyra
3PL.GEN
ār
income.NOM.SG
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
mǣ-st
large-SUP.ADV
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
gafol-e
tribute-DAT.SG
þe
REL
ðā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Finn-as
Finn-NOM.PL
him
3PL.DAT
ġyld-að.
pay-PRS.IND.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
But their income is mostly from the tribute that the Finns pay to them.
Sentence 27
Þæt
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
gafol
tribute.NOM.SG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
on
in
dēor-a
animal-GEN.PL
fell-um
skin-DAT.PL
and
and
on
in
fugel-a
fowl-GEN.PL
feðer-um
feather-DAT.PL
and
and
hwal-es
whale-GEN.SG
bān-e
bone-DAT.SG
and
and
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
sċip-rāp-um
ship-rope-DAT,PL
þe
REL
bēo-ð
be.HAB-IND.PL
of
from
hwæl-es
whale-GEN.SG
hȳd-e
hide-DAT.SG
ġe-worh-t
PFX-make-PART.NOM.SG.N.STR
and
and
of
from
sēol-es.
seal-GEN.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
The tribute consists of animal skins and bird feathers and whale bone and the ships' ropes that are made from whale and seal hides.
Sentence 28
Ǣġhwilċ
every.NOM.SG.M.STR
ġylt
pay.PRS.IND.3SG
be
by
hys
3SG.M.GEN
ġe-byrd-um.
PFX-birth-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
Each pays according to his rank.
Sentence 29
Sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
byrd-est-a
birth-SUP-NOM.SG.M.WK
sċeall
have.to.PRS.IND.3SG
ġyld-an
pay-INF
fīf-tȳne
five-teen
mearð-es
marten-GEN.SG
fell
skin.ACC.PL
and
and
fīf
five
hrān-es
reindeer-GEN.SG
and
and
ān
one.ACC.SG.N
ber-an
bear-GEN.SG
fel
skin.ACC.SG
and
and
tȳn
ten
ambr-a
amber-GEN.PL
feðr-a
feather-GEN.PL
and
and
ber-en-ne
bear-ADJ-ACC.SG.M.STR
kyrtel
coat.ACC.SG
oððe
or
yter-en-ne
otter-ADJ-ACC.SG.M.STR
and
and
twēġen
two.ACC.M
sċip-rāp-as;
ship-rope-ACC.PL
ǣġþer
each
sȳ
be.PRS.SJV.SG
syx-tiġ
six-ty
eln-a
ell-GEN.PL
lang:
long.NOM.SG.M.STR
ōþer
other.NOM.SG.M.STR
sȳ
be.PRS.SJV.SG
of
from
hwæl-es
whale-GEN.SG
hȳd-e
hide-DAT.SG
ġe-worh-t,
PFX-make-PART.NOM.SG.M.STR
ōþer
other.NOM.SG.M.STR
of
from
sīol-es.
seal-GEN.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
The highest ranking have to pay 15 marten skins and 5 reindeer skins and 1 bear skin and 10 ambers (unit of measurement) of feathers and a bear-skin or otter-skin coat and 2 ships' ropes; each is 60 ells long: one is made from whale skin, and the other from seal skin.
Sentence 30
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
ðæt
COMP
Norð-mann-a
north-man-GEN.PL
land
land.NOM.SG
wǣr-e
be.PST-SJV.SG
swȳþ-e
strong-ADV
lang
long.NOM.SG.N.STR
and
and
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
smæl.
narrow.NOM.SG.N.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
He said that the Norwegians' land is very long and very narrow.
Sentence 31
Eal
all.NOM.SG.N.STR
þæt
DEM.DIST.ACC.SG.N
his
3SG.N.GEN
man
one.INDF
āþer
either
oððe
or
ett-an
graze-INF
oððe
or
eri-an
plough-INF
mæġ,
can.PRS.IND.3SG
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
lī-ð
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
wið
against
ðā
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.F
sǣ;
sea.ACC.SG
and
and
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
þēah
though
on
in
sum-um
some-DAT.PL.STR
stōw-um
place-DAT.PL
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
clūd-iġ.
rock-ADJ.NOM.SG.N.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
All that one can either graze or plow of it, that lies by the sea, and even that is very rocky in some places.
Sentence 32
And
and
liċġ-að
lie-PRS.IND.PL
wild-e
wild-NOM.PL.M.STR
mōr-as
moor-NOM.PL
wið-ēast-an
agaisnt-east-from
and
and
wið-upp-on,
against-up-in
emn-lang-e
even-long-ADV
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
bȳ-n-um
dwell-PART-DAT.SG.N.STR
land-e;
land-DAT.SG
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
mōr-um
moor-DAT.PL
eard-i-að
live-THM-PRS.IND.PL
Finn-as.
Finn-NOM.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
And wild moors lie to the east and above, along the settled land; in the moors live Finns.
Sentence 33
And
and
þæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
bȳ-n-e
dwell-PART-NOM.SG.N.WK
land
land.NOM.SG
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
ēaste-weard
east-ward
brād-ost
broad-SUP.NOM.SG.N.STR
and
and
symle
always
swā
as
norð-or
north-CMP.ADV
swā
as
smæl-r-e.
narrow-COMP-NOM.SG.N.WK
FREE TRANSLATION
And the settled land is widest to the east and the further north (one goes) the narrower (it becomes).
Sentence 34
Ēaste-werd
east-ward
hit
3SG.N.NOM
mæġ
can.PRS.IND.3SG
bīo-n
be.HAB-INF
syx-tiġ
six-ty
mīl-a
mile-GEN.PL
brād
broad.NOM.SG.N.STR
oþþe
or
hwēne
a.little
brǣd-r-e;
broad-CMP-NOM.SG.N.WK
and
and
midde-weard
middle-ward
þrī-tiġ
three-ty
oððe
or
brād-r-e.
broad-COMP-NOM.SG.N.WK
FREE TRANSLATION
Eastward it can be 60 miles wide, or a little wider, and in the middle it can be 30 (miles) or wider.
Sentence 35
And
and
norðe-weard,
north-ward
hē
3SG.M.NOM
cwæð,
say.PST.IND.3SG
þǣr
there
hit
3SG.N.NOM
smal-ost
narrow-SUP.NOM.SG.N.STR
wǣr-e,
be.PST-SJV.SG
þæt
COMP
hit
3SG.N.NOM
mih-t-e
can-PST-IND.3SG
bēo-n
be.HAB-INF
þrēo-ra
three-GEN
mīl-a
mile-GEN.PL
brād
broad.NOM.SG.N.STR
tō
to
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
mōr-e,
moor-DAT.SG
and
and
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
mōr
moor.NOM.SG
syðþan
afterwards
on
in
sum-um
some-DAT.PL.STR
stōw-um
place-DAT.PL
swā
as
brād
broad.NOM.SG.M.STR
swā
as
man
one.INDF
mæġ
can.PRS.IND.3SG
on
in
twā-m
two-DAT
wuc-um
week-DAT.PL
ofer-fēr-an,
over-travel-INF
and
and
on
in
sum-um
some-DAT.PL.STR
stōw-um
place-DAT.PL
swā
as
brād
broad.NOM.SG.M.STR
swā
as
man
one.INDF
mæġ
can.PRS.IND.3SG
on
in
syx
six
dag-um
day-DAT.PL
ofer-fēr-an.
over-travel-INF
FREE TRANSLATION
And northward, he said, where it is narrowest, that it could be three miles wide to the moor, and the moor afterwards is as wide in some places as one can travel over in two weeks, and in some places as wide as one can travel over in six days.
Sentence 36
Ðonne
then
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
tō-emn-es
to-even-GEN.SG.N.STR
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e
land-DAT.SG
sūðe-weard-um,
south-ward-DAT.SG.N.STR
on
in
ōðr-e
other-ACC.SG.F.STR
healf-e
side-ACC.SG
þæs
DET.DEF.GEN.SG.M
mōr-es,
moor-GEN.SG
Swēo-land,
Swede-land
oþ
until
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
land
land.ACC.SG
norðe-weard;
north-ward.ACC.SG.N.STR
and
and
tō-emn-es
to-even-GEN.SG.N.STR
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e
land-DAT.SG
norðe-weard-um
north-ward-DAT.SG.N.STR
Cwēn-a
Kven-GEN.PL
land.
land.NOM.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then along the southern part of the land (Norway), on the other side of the moor, is Sweden, until the northern part of the land; and along the northern part of the land is Cwen (Kven) land.
Sentence 37
Þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Cwēn-as
Kven-NOM.PL
herg-i-að
harry-THM-PRS.IND.PL
hwīl-um
time-DAT.PL
on
in
ðā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
Norð-men
north-man.ACC.PL
ofer
over
ðone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
mōr,
moor.ACC.SG
hwīl-um
time-DAT.PL
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Norð-men
north-man.NOM.PL
on
in
hȳ.
3PL.ACC
FREE TRANSLATION
The Cwens sometimes raid the Norwegians across the moor, sometimes the Norwegians raid them.
Sentence 38
And
and
þǣr
there
sint
be.PRS.IND.PL
swīð-e
strong-ADV
micl-e
large-NOM.PL.M.STR
mer-as
lake-NOM.PL
fersċ-e
fresh-NOM.PL.M.STR
ġẹond
through
þā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
mōr-as,
moor-ACC.PL
and
and
ber-að
bear-PRS.IND.PL
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
Cwēn-as
Kven-NOM.PL
hyra
3PL.GEN
sċyp-u
ship-ACC.PL
ofer
over
land
land.ACC.SG
on
in
ðā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
mer-as
lake-ACC.PL
and
and
þanon
thence
herg-i-að
harry-THM-PRS.IND.PL
on
in
ðā
DET.DEF.ACC.PL
Norð-men;
north-man.ACC.PL
hȳ
3PL.NOM
habb-að
have-PRS.IND.PL
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
lȳtl-e
little-ACC.PL.N.STR
sċypa
ship-ACC.PL
and
and
swȳðe
strong-ADV
lēoht-e.
light-ACC.PL.N.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
And there are very large freshwater lakes throughout the moors, and the Cwens carry their ships over land to the lakes and from there raid the Norwegians; they have very small and very light ships.
Sentence 39
Ōhthere
Othere.NOM
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
sīo
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.F
sċīr
shire.NOM.SG
hāt-te
call-PASS.PRS.IND.3SG
Hālgo-land
Håloga-land.NOM
þe
REL
hē
3SG.M.NOM
on
in
bū-d-e.
dwell-PST-IND.3SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Ohthere said that the district that he lived in is called Hålogaland.
Sentence 40
Hē
3SG.M.NOM
cwæð
say.PST.IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
n-ān
NEG-one.NOM.SG.M
man
one.INDF
ne
NEG
bū-d-e
dwell-PST-SJV.SG
be-norð-an
by-north-from
him.
3SG.M.DAT
FREE TRANSLATION
He said that no one lived to the north of him.
Sentence 41
Þonne
then
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
ān
one.NOM.SG.M
port
port.NOM.SG
on
in
sūðe-weard-um
south-ward-DAT.SG.N.STR
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e
land-DAT.SG
þone
DEM.DIST.ACC.SG.M
man
one.INDF
hǣt
call.PRS.IND.3SG
Sċīringesheal.
Skiringssal.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then in the south of the land is a port that one calls Skiringssal.
Sentence 42
Þyder
to.there
hē
3SG.M.NOM
cwæð
say.PST.IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
man
one.INDF
ne
NEG
mih-t-e
can-PST-IND.3SG
ġe-seġl-i-an
PFX-sail-THM-INF
on
in
ān-um
one-DAT.SG.M
mōnð-e
month-DAT.SG
ġyf
if
man
one.INDF
on
in
niht
night.ACC.SG
wīc-o-d-e
camp-THM-PST-IND.3SG
and
and
ǣlċ-e
every-INS.SG.M.STR
dæġ-e
day-DAT.SG
hæf-d-e
have-PST-IND.3SG
ambyr-ne
favorable-ACC.SG.M.STR
wind.
wind.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
He said that one could not sail there in one month if they camped at night and had favorable wind every day.
Sentence 43
And
and
eall-e
all-ACC.SG.F.STR
ðā
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.F
hwīl-e
time-ACC.SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
sċeal
have.to.PRS.IND.3SG
seġl-i-an
sail-THM-INF
be
by
land-e.
land-DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And all the while he must sail by land.
Sentence 44
And
and
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
stēor-bord
steering-board.ACC.SG
him
3SG.M.DAT
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
ǣr-est
before-SUP.ADV
Īr-a-land
Irish-GEN.PL-land.NOM.SG
and
and
þonne
then
ðā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
īġ-land
island-land.NOM.PL
þe
REL
synd
be.PRS.IND.PL
be-tux
by-twofold
Īr-a-land-e
Irish-GEN.PL-land-DAT.SG
and
and
þiss-um
DEM.PROX-DAT.SG.N
land-e.
land-DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And to his starboard first there is Ireland and then the islands that are between Ireland (Shetlands, Orkneys, Hebrides?) and this land (Britain).
Sentence 45
Þonne
then
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
þis
DEM.PROX.NOM.SG.N
land
land.NOM.SG
(
(
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
stēor-bord
steering-board.ACC.SG
)
)
oð
until
hē
3SG.M.NOM
cym-ð
come-PRS.IND.3SG
tō
to
Sċīrincgesheal-e,
Skiringssal-DAT.SG
and
and
eal-ne
all-ACC.SG.M.STR
weġ
way.ACC.SG
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
bæc-bord
back-board.ACC.SG
Norð-weġ.
north-way.NOM.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then there is this land (to the starboard) until he comes to Skiringssal, and the whole way to the port side is Norway.
Sentence 46
Wið-sūð-an
against-south-from
þone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
Sċīringesheal
Skiringssal.ACC.SG
fyl-ð
fall-PRS.IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
myċel
large.NOM.SG.F.STR
sǣ
sea.NOM.SG
ūp
up
in
in
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
lond;
land.ACC.SG
sēo
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.F
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
brād-r-e
broad-COMP-NOM.SG.F.WK
þonne
than
ǣniġ
any.NOM.SG.M.STR
man
man.NOM.SG
ofer-sēo-n
over-see-INF
mæġ-e,
can.PRS-SJV.SG
and
and
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
Got-land
Jute-land.NOM.SG
on
in
ōðr-e
other-ACC.SG.F.STR
healf-e
side-ACC.SG
on-ġēan
in-again
and
and
siððan
after
Sillende.
Sillende.NOM.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
South of Skiringssal a very large sea leads up into the land; it is wider than anyone can see over, and Jutland is opposite on the other side and then Sillende (an area of the Jutland peninsula south of what is being called Jutland here).
Sentence 47
Sēo
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.F
sǣ
sea.NOM.SG
lī-ð
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
mæniġ
many.ACC.PL.N.STR
hund
hundred.ACC.PL
mīl-a
mile-GEN.PL
ūp
up
in
in
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
land.
land.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
The sea runs many hundred miles up into the land.
Sentence 48
And
and
of
from
Sċīringesheal-e
Skiringssal-DAT.SG
hē
3SG.M.NOM
cwæð
say.PST.IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
seġl-o-d-e
sail-THM-PST-SJV.SG
on
in
fīf
five
dag-an
day-DAT.PL
tō
to
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
port-e
port-DAT.SG
þe
REL
mon
one.INDF
hǣt
call.PRS.IND.3SG
æt
at
Hǣþ-um;
Heath-DAT.PL
sē
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.M
stent
stand.PRS.IND.3SG
be-tuh
by-twofold
Wined-um,
Wend-DAT.PL
and
and
Seax-um,
Saxon-DAT.PL
and
and
Angl-e,
Angeln-DAT.SG
and
and
hȳr-ð
belong-PRS.IND.3SG
in
in
on
in
Den-e.
Dane-ACC.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
And from Skiringssal he said that he sailed in five days to the port that one calls Hedeby; it stands between the Wends (i.e. Slavs) and the Saxons and Angeln (the peninsula), and it belongs to the Danes.
Sentence 49
Ðā
then
hē
3SG.M.NOM
þider-weard
to.there-ward
seġl-o-d-e
sail-THM-PST-IND.3SG
fram
from
Sċīringesheal-e,
Skiringssal-DAT.SG
þā
then
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
him
3SG.M.DAT
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
bæc-bord
back-board.ACC.SG
Den-a-mearc,
Dane-GEN.PL-mark.NOM.SG
and
and
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
stēor-bord
steering-board.ACC.SG
wīd-sǣ
wide-sea.NOM.SG
þrȳ
three.ACC.M
dag-as;
day-ACC.PL
and
and
þā,
then
twēġen
two.ACC.M
dag-as
day-ACC.PL
ǣr
before
hē
3SG.M.NOM
tō
to
Hǣþ-um
Heath-DAT.PL
cōm-e,
come.PST-SJV.SG
him
3SG.M.DAT
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
on
in
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
stēor-bord
steering-board.ACC.SG
Got-land,
Jute-land.NOM.SG
and
and
Sillende,
Sillende.NOM.SG
and
and
īġ-land-a
island-land-GEN.PL
fela.
many
FREE TRANSLATION
When he was sailing there from Skiringssal, on his port side was Denmark (now Halland and Skåne in Sweden), and on his starboard was open sea for three days; and then, for two days before he came to Hedeby, on his starboard were Jutland and Sillende and many islands.
Sentence 50
On
in
þǣm
DEM.DIST.DAT.PL
land-um
land-DAT.PL
eard-o-d-on
live-THM-PST-IND.PL
Engl-e,
English-NOM.PL
ǣr
before
hī
3PL.NOM
hider
to.here
on
in
land
land.ACC.SG
cōm-an.
come-PST
FREE TRANSLATION
In those lands lived the English, before they came here to (this) land.
Sentence 51
And
and
hym
3SG.M.DAT
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
ðā
DEM.DIST.ACC.PL
twēġen
two.ACC.M
dag-as
day-ACC.PL
on
in
ðæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
bæcbord
back-board.ACC.SG
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
īġ-land
island-land.NOM.PL
þe
REL
in
in
Den-e-mearc-e
Dane-NOM.PL-mark-ACC.SG
hȳr-að.
belong-PRS.IND.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
And to his port side for those two days were the islands that belong to Denmark.
Sentence 52
Wulfstān
Wulfstan.NOM.SG
sǣ-d-e
say-PST-IND.3SG
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
ġe-fōr-e
PFX-travel.PST-SJV.SG
of
from
Hǣð-um,
Heath-DAT.PL
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
wǣr-e
be.PST-SJV.SG
on
in
Truso
Truso.DAT.SG
on
in
syfan
seven
dag-um
day-DAT.PL
and
and
niht-um,
night-DAT.PL
þæt
COMP
þæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
sċip
ship.NOM.SG
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
eal-ne
all-ACC.SG.M.STR
weġ
way.ACC.SG
yrn-ende
run-PART.PRS
under
under
seġl-e.
sail-DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Wulfstan said that he traveled from Hedeby, that he was in Truso in seven days and nights, that the ship was the whole way running under sail.
Sentence 53
Weonoð-land
Wend-land
him
3SG.M.DAT
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
on
in
stēor-bord,
steering-board.ACC.SG
and
and
on
in
bæc-bord
back-board.ACC.SG
him
3SG.M.DAT
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
Langa-land
Long-land.NOM.SG
and
and
Lǣ-land
Lol-landNOM.SG
and
and
Falster
Falster.NOM.SG
and
and
Scōneġ;
Skåne.NOM.SG
and
and
þās
DEM.PROX.NOM.PL
land
land.NOM.PL
eall
all.NOM.PL.N.STR
hȳr-að
belong-PRS.IND.PL
tō
to
Den-e-mearc-an.
Dane-NOM.PL-mark-DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Wendland was to his starboard, and to his port side were Langeland and Lolland and Falster and Skåne; and these lands all belong to Denmark.
Sentence 54
And
and
þonne
then
Burgend-a
Burgundian-GEN.PL
land
land.NOM.SG
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
ūs
1PL.DAT
on
in
bæc-bord,
back-board.ACC.SG
and
and
þā
DEM.DIST.NOM.PL
habb-að
have-PRS.IND.PL
him
3PL.DAT
sylf
self.NOM.PL.M.STR
cyning.
king.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And then Burgundy (Bornholm) was to the port side, and they have their own king.
Sentence 55
Þonne
then
æfter
after
Burgend-a
Burgundian-GEN.PL
land-e
land-DAT.SG
wǣr-on
be.PST-IND.PL
ūs
1PL.DAT
þās
DEM.PROX.NOM.PL
land
land.NOM.PL
þā
DEM.DIST.NOM.PL
synd
be.PRS.IND.PL
hāt-en-e
call-PART-NOM.PL.N.STR
ǣr-est
before-SUP.ADV
Blecinga
Blekinge
ēġ,
island.NOM.SG
and
and
Meore
Möre.NOM.SG
and
and
Eow-land
Ö-land.NOM.SG
and
and
Got-land
Got-land
on
in
bæc-bord;
back-board.ACC.SG
and
and
þās
DEM.PROX.NOM.PL
land
land.NOM.PL
hȳr-að
belong-PRS.IND.PL
tō
to
Swēon.
Swede.DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
Then after Burgundy, to our port side were these lands that are called first Blekinge island, and (then) Möre and Öland and Gotland; and these lands begong to the Swedes.
Sentence 56
And
and
Weonod-land
Wend-land.NOM.SG
wæs
be.PST.IND.3SG
ūs
1PL.DAT
eal-ne
all-ACC.SG.M.STR
weġ
way.ACC.SG
on
in
stēor-bord
steering-board.ACC.SG
oð
until
Wīsl-e-mūð-an.
Vistula-NOM.SG-river.mouth-ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And Wendland was to our starboard the whole way until the mouth of the Vistula.
Sentence 57
Sēo
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.F
Wīsl-e
Vistula-NOM.SG
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
myċel
large.NOM.SG.F.STR
ēa,
river.NOM.SG
and
and
hīo
3SG.F.NOM
tō-lī-ð
apart-lie-PRS.IND.3SG
Wit-land
Wit-land.ACC.SG
and
and
Weonod-land,
Wend-land.ACC.SG
and
and
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
Wit-land
Wit-land.NOM.SG
be-limp-eð
by-happen-PRS.IND.3SG
tō
to
Ēst-um.
Est-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
The Vistula is a very large river, and it separates Witland and Wendland, and that Witland belongs to the Ests.
Sentence 58
And
and
sēo
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.F
Wīsl-e
Vistula-NOM.SG
lī-ð
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
ūt
out
of
from
Weonod-land-e
Wend-land-DAT.SG
and
and
lī-ð
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
in
in
Ēst-mer-e,
Est-lake-ACC.SG
and
and
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
Ēst-mer-e
Est-lake-NOM.SG
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
hūru
indeed
fīftēne
fifteen
mīl-a
mile-GEN.PL
brād.
broad.NOM.SG.M.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
And the Vistula leads out of Wendland and leads into the Est Sea (Vistula Lagoon), and the Est Sea is at least 15 miles wide.
Sentence 59
Þonne
then
cym-eð
come.PRS-IND.3SG
Ilfing
Elbląg.NOM.SG
ēast-an
east-from
in
in
Ēst-mer-e
Est-lake-ACC.SG
of
from
ðǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
mer-e
lake-DAT.SG
ðe
REL
Truso
Truso.NOM.SG
stand-eð
stand.PRS-IND.3SG
in
in
stað-e,
river.shore-DAT.SG
and
and
cum-að
come.PRS-IND.PL
ūt
out
samod
together
in
in
Ēst-mer-e,
Est-lake-ACC.SG
Ilfing
Elbląg.NOM.SG
ēast-an
east-from
of
from
Ēst-land-e
Est-land-DAT.SG
and
and
Wīsl-e
Vistula-NOM.SG
sūð-an
south-from
of
from
Winod-land-e,
Wend-land-DAT.SG
and
and
þonne
then
be-nim-ð
by-take.PRS-IND.3SG
Wīsl-e
Vistula-DAT.SG
Ilfing
Elbląg.NOM.SG
hire
3SG.F.GEN
nam-an,
name-ACC.SG
and
and
liġ-eð
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
of
from
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
mer-e
lake-DAT.SG
west
west.ADV
and
and
norð
north.ADV
on
in
sǣ;
sea.ACC.SG
for
for
ðȳ
DEM.DIST.INS.SG.N
hit
3SG.N.ACC
man
one.INDF
hǣt
call.PRS.IND.3SG
Wīsl-e-mūð-a.
Vistula-NOM.SG-river.mouth-NOM.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then the Elbląg (river) comes from the east into the Est Sea from the lake where Truso stands on the shore, and the Elbląg from the east from Estland and the Vistula from the south from Wendland come out together into the Est Sea, and then the Elbląg deprives the Vistula of its name (i.e. takes the name of the Vistula), and (the combined river) leads from the lake west and north to sea; therefore one calls it the mouth of the Vistula.
Sentence 60
Þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
Ēstland
Est-land.NOM.SG
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
myċel,
large.NOM.SG.N.STR
and
and
þǣr
there
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
maniġ
many.NOM.SG.F.STR
burh,
town.NOM.SG
and
and
on
in
ǣlċ-ere
every-DAT.SG.F.STR
byriġ
town.DAT.SG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
cynincg.
king.NOM.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
That Estland is very large, and there are very many towns, and in each town is a king.
Sentence 61
And
and
þǣr
there
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
myċel
large.NOM.SG.N.STR
huniġ
honey.NOM.SG
and
and
fisc-að;
fish-NMLZ.NOM.SG
and
and
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
cyning
king.NOM.SG
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
rīċ-ost-an
rich-SUP-NOM.PL.WK
men
man.NOM.PL
drinc-að
drink.PRS-IND.PL
mȳr-an
mare-GEN.SG
meolc,
milk.ACC.SG
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
un-spēd-ig-an
un-wealth-ADJ-NOM.PL.WK
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
þēow-an
servant-NOM.PL
drinc-að
drink.PRS-IND.PL
medo.
mead.ACC.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And there is very much honey and fishing; and the king and the richest men drink mare's milk, and the non-wealthy and the servants drink mead.
Sentence 62
Þǣr
there
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
swȳð-e
strong-ADV
myċel
large.NOM.SG.N.STR
ġe-winn
PFX-war.NOM.SG
be-twēon-an
by-two-DAT.PL
him.
3PL.DAT
FREE TRANSLATION
There is much conflict between them.
Sentence 63
And
and
ne
NEG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
ðǣr
there
n-ǣniġ
NEG-any.NOM.SG.N.STR
ealo
ale.NOM.SG
ġe-brow-en
PFX-brew-PART.NOM.SG.N.STR
mid
with
Ēst-um,
Est-DAT.PL
ac
but
þǣr
there
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
medo
mead.NOM.SG
ġenōh.
enough.NOM.SG.M.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
And there isn't any ale brewed among the Ests, but there is sufficient mead.
Sentence 64
And
and
þǣr
there
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
mid
with
Ēst-um
Est-DAT.PL
ðēaw,
custom.NOM.SG
þonne
then
þǣr
there
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
man
man.NOM.SG
dēad,
dead.NOM.SG.M.STR
þæt
COMP
hē
3SG.M.NOM
lī-ð
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
inn-e
in-ADV
un-for-bærn-ed
un-for-burn-PART.NOM.SG.M.STR
mid
with
his
3SG.M.GEN
māg-um
kinsman-DAT.PL
and
and
frēond-um
friend-DAT.PL
mōnað,
month.ACC.SG
ġe
and
hwīl-um
time-DAT.PL
twēġen;
two.ACC.M
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
kyning-as
king-NOM.PL
and
and
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
ōðr-e
other-NOM.PL.M.STR
hēah-ðung-en-e
high-flourish-PART-NOM.PL.M.STR
men
man.NOM.PL
swā
as
micl-e
large-ADV
lenċġ
longer.ADV
swā
as
hī
3PL.NOM
mār-an
large.COMP-ACC.PL
spēd-a
wealth-ACC.PL
habb-að,
have-PRS.IND.PL
hwīl-um
time-DAT.PL
healf
half.ACC.SG.N.STR
ġēar
year.ACC.SG
þæt
COMP
hī
3PL.NOM
bēo-ð
be.HAB-IND.PL
un-for-bærn-ed;
un-for-burn-PART.NOM.PL.M.STR
and
and
liċġ-að
lie-PRS.IND.PL
b-uf-an
by-up-from
eorð-an
ground-DAT.SG
on
in
hyra
3PL.GEN
hūs-um.
house-DAT.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
And there is a custom with the Ests that when a man dies, he lies inside inside uncremated with his kinsmen and friends for a month, and sometimes two, and the kings and the other high-ranking men, so much longer as they have more wealth, sometimes half a year that they will remain uncremated; and lie above ground in their houses.
Sentence 65
And
and
eall-e
all-ACC.SG.F.STR
þā
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.F
hwīl-e
time-ACC.SG
þe
REL
þæt
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.N
līċ
body.NOM.SG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
inn-e,
in-ADV
þǣr
there
sċeal
have.to.PRS.IND.3SG
bēo-n
be.HAB-INF
ġe-drynċ
PFX-drink.NOM.SG
and
and
pleg-a,
play-NOM.SG
oð
until
ðone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
dæġ
day.ACC.SG
þe
REL
hī
3PL.NOM
hine
3SG.M.ACC
for-bærn-að.
for-burn-PRS.IND.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
And all the while that the body is inside, there must be be drinking and playing, until the day that they cremate him.
Sentence 66
Þonne
then
þȳ
DET.DEF.INS.SG.M
ylc-an
same-INS.SG.M.WK
dæġ-e
day-DAT.SG
þe
REL
hī
3PL.NOM
hine
3SG.M.ACC
tō
to
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
ād-e
pyre-DAT.SG
ber-an
bear-INF
wyll-að,
want.PRS-IND.PL
þonne
then
tō-dǣl-að
apart-deal-PRS.IND.PL
hī
3PL.NOM
his
3SG.M.GEN
feoh
property.ACC.SG
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
þǣr
there
tō
to
lāf-e
remainder-DAT.SG
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
æfter
after
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
ġe-drynċ-e
PFX-drink-DAT.SG
and
and
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
pleg-an
play-DAT.SG
on
in
fīf
five
oððe
or
syx,
six
hwȳl-um
time-DAT.PL
on
in
mā,
large.COMP.ADV
swā
as
swā
as
þæs
DET.DEF.GEN.SG.N
fēo-s
property-GEN.SG
andefn
amount.NOM.SG
bi-ð.
be.HAB-IND.3SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then the same day that they wish to carry him to the (funeral) pyre, they divide apart his property that remains there after the drinking and the playing into five or six (parts), sometimes into more, as the amount of the property may be.
Sentence 67
Ā-leċġ-að
out-lay-PRS.IND.PL
hit
3SG.N.ACC
ðonne
then
for-hwæga
for-some
on
in
ān-re
one-DAT.SG.F
mīl-e
mile-DAT.SG
þone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
mǣ-st-an
large-SUP-ACC.SG.M.WK
dǣl
deal
fram
from
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
tūn-e,
town-DAT.SG
þonne
then
ōðer-ne,
other-ACC.SG.M.STR
ðonne
then
þæne
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
þridd-an,
third-ACC.SG.M.WK
oþ
until
þæt
COMP
hyt
3SG.N.NOM
eall
all.NOM.SG.N
ā-lē-d
out-lay-PART.NOM.SG.N.STR
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
on
in
þǣre
DEM.DIST.DAT.SG.F
ān-re
one-DAT.SG.F
mīl-e;
mile-DAT.SG
and
and
sċeall
have.to.PRS.IND.3SG
bēo-n
be.HAB-INF
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
lǣ-st-a
little-SUP-NOM.SG.M.WK
dǣl
deal.NOM.SG
nȳh-st
near-SUP.NOM.SG.M.STR
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
tūn-e
town-DAT.SG
ðe
REL
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
dēad-a
dead-NOM.SG.M.WK
man
man.NOM.SG
on
in
lī-ð.
lie-PRS.IND.3SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then they lay out the largest part of it about one mile from the town, then the second, then the third, until it is all laid within that one mile, and the smallest part shall be nearest to the town that the dead man lived in.
Sentence 68
Ðonne
then
sċẹol-on
have.to.PRS-IND.PL
bēo-n
be.HAB-INF
ġe-samn-o-d-e
PFX-gather-THM-PART-NOM.PL.M.STR
eall-e
all-NOM.PL.M.STR
ðā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
menn
man.NOM.PL
ðe
REL
swyft-ost-e
swift-SUP-ACC.PL.N.STR
hors
horse.ACC.PL
habb-að
have-PRS.IND.PL
on
in
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
land-e,
land-DAT.SG
for-hwæga
for-some
on
in
fīf
five
mīl-um
mile-DAT.PL
oððe
or
on
in
syx
six
mīl-um
mile-DAT.PL
fram
from
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
fēo.
property.DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then all the men that have the swiftest horses in the land shall be assembled, about five or six miles from the property.
Sentence 69
Þonne
then
ærn-að
run-PRS.IND.PL
hȳ
3PL.NOM
eall-e
all-NOM.PL.M.STR
tō-weard
to-ward
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
fēo;
property.DAT.SG
ðonne
then
cym-eð
come.PRS-IND.3SG
sē
DET.DEF.NOM.SG.M
man
man.NOM.SG
sē
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.M
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
swift-ost-e
swift-SUP-ACC.SG.N.WK
hors
horse.ACC.SG
haf-að
have-PRS.IND.3SG
tō
to
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
ǣr-est-an
before-SUP-DAT.SG.M.WK
dǣl-e
deal-DAT.SG
and
and
tō
to
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
mǣ-st-an,
large-SUP-DAT.SG.M.WK
and
and
swā
as
ǣlċ
every.NOM.SG.M.STR
æfter
after
ōðr-um,
other-DAT.SG.M.STR
oþ
until
hit
3SG.N.NOM
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
eall
all.NOM.SG.N
ġe-num-en;
PFX-take-PART.NOM.SG.N.STR
and
and
sē
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.M
nim-ð
take-IND.3SG
þone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
lǣ-st-an
little-SUP-ACC.SG.M.WK
dǣl
deal.ACC.SG
sē
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.M
nȳh-st
near-SUP.NOM.SG.M.STR
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.M
tūn-e
town-DAT.SG
þæt
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.N
feoh
property.ACC.SG
ġe-ærn-eð.
PFX-run-PRS.IND.3SG
FREE TRANSLATION
Then they all run towards the property; then the man who has the swiftest hors comes to the first and the largest part, and so each after the other, until it is all taken, and he who takes the smallest part is he who runs for the property nearest to the town.
Sentence 70
And
and
þonne
then
rīd-eð
ride.PRS-IND.3SG
ǣlċ
every.NOM.SG.M.STR
hys
3SG.M.GEN
weġ-es
way-GEN.SG
mid
with
ðān
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
fēo,
property.DAT.SG
and
and
hyt
3SG.N.ACC
mōt-an
be.allowed-PRS
habb-an
have-INF
eall;
all.ACC.SG.N
and
and
for
for
ðȳ
DEM.DIST.INS.SG.N
þǣr
there
bēo-ð
be.HAB-IND.PL
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
swift-an
swift-NOM.PL.N.WK
hors
horse.NOM.PL
un-ġe-fōg-e
un-PFX-joining-ADV
dȳr-e.
dear-NOM.PL.N.STR
FREE TRANSLATION
And then each rides on his way with the property, and can have it all; and therefore swift horses are immensely valuable there.
Sentence 71
And
and
þonne
then
hys
3SG.M.GEN
ġe-strēon
PFX-treasure
bēo-ð
be.HAB-IND.PL
þus
thus
eall
all.NOM.PL.N
ā-spend-ed,
out-spend-PART.NOM.PL.N.STR
þonne
then
byr-ð
bear-PRS.IND.3SG
man
one.INDF
hine
3SG.M.ACC
ūt
out
and
and
for-bærn-eð
for-burn-PRS.IND.3SG
mid
with
his
3SG.M.GEN
wǣpn-um
weapon-DAT.PL
and
and
hræġl-e.
clothing-DAT.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And when his property is thus all spent, then one carries him out and cremates (him) with his weapons and clothing.
Sentence 72
And
and
swīð-ost
strong-SUP.ADV
eall-e
all-ACC.PL.F
hys
3SG.M.GEN
spēd-a
wealth-ACC.PL
hȳ
3PL.NOM
for-spend-að
for-spend-PRS.IND.PL
mid
with
þān
DET.DEF.DAT.SG.N
lang-an
long-DAT.SG.N.WK
leġer-e
lying-DAT.SG
þæs
DET.DEF.GEN.SG.M
dēad-an
dead-GEN.SG.M.WK
mann-es
man-GEN.SG
inn-e,
in-ADV
and
and
þæs
DEM.DIST.GEN.SG.N
þe
REL
hȳ
3PL.NOM
be
by
þǣm
DET.DEF.DAT.PL
weg-um
way-DAT.PL
ā-leċġ-að,
out-lay-PRS.IND.PL
þe
REL
ðā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
fremd-an
stranger-NOM.PL
tō
to
ærn-að
run-PRS.IND.PL
and
and
nim-að.
take-IND.PL
FREE TRANSLATION
And most (commonly) they spend away all his wealth with the long lying of the dead man inside, and what they lay out on the roads, which the strangers run to and take (away).
Sentence 73
And
and
þæt
DEM.DIST.NOM.SG.N
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
mid
with
Ēst-um
Est-DAT.PL
þēaw
custom.NOM.SG
þæt
COMP
þǣr
there
sċeal
have.to.PRS.IND.3SG
ǣlċ-es
every-GEN.SG.N.STR
ġe-ðēod-es
PFX-nation-GEN.SG
man
man.NOM.SG
bēo-n
be.HAB-INF
for-bærn-ed;
for-burn-PART.NOM.SG.M.STR
and
and
ġyf
if
þār
there
man
one.INDF
ān
one.ACC.SG.N
bān
bone.ACC.SG
find-eð
find.PRS-IND.3SG
un-for-bærn-ed,
un-for-burn-PART.ACC.SG.N.STR
hī
3PL.NOM
hit
3SG.N.ACC
sċẹol-an
have.to.PRS-IND.PL
micl-um
large-DAT.SG.N.STR
ġe-bēt-an.
PFX-atone.for-INF
FREE TRANSLATION
And it is a custom with the Ests that there men of every tribe must be cremated; and if there one finds a single bone uncremated, they must atone for it greatly.
Sentence 74
And
and
þǣr
there
is
be.PRS.IND.3SG
mid
with
Ēst-um
Est-DAT.PL
ān
one.NOM.SG.F
mǣġð
power.NOM.SG
þæt
COMP
hī
3PL.NOM
mag-on
can.PRS-IND.PL
ċyl-e
cold-ACC.SG
ġe-wyrċ-an;
PFX-make-INF
and
and
þȳ
DEM.DIST.INS.SG.N
þǣr
there
liċġ-að
lie-PRS.IND.PL
þā
DET.DEF.NOM.PL
dēad-an
dead-NOM.PL.WK
men
man-NOM.PL
swā
as
lang-e
long-ADV
and
and
ne
NEG
fūl-i-að,
foul-THM-PRS.IND.PL
þæt
COMP
hȳ
3PL.NOM
wyrċ-að
make-PRS.IND.PL
þone
DET.DEF.ACC.SG.M
ċyl-e
cold-ACC.SG
hine
3SG.M.ACC
on.
in
FREE TRANSLATION
And there is among the Ests a power such that they can make coldness; and therefore the dead men lie there so long and do not decay, because they work the cold onto him.
Sentence 75
And
and
þēah
though
man
one.INDF
ā-sett-e
out-set-PRS.SJV.SG
twēġen
two.ACC.M
fǣtels-as
vessel-ACC.PL
full
full.ACC.PL.M.STR
eal-að
ale-GEN.SG
oððe
or
wæter-es,
water-GEN.SG
hȳ
3PL.NOM
ġe-dō-ð
PFX-do-PRS.IND.PL
þæt
COMP
ōþer
other.NOM.SG.M.STR
bi-ð
be.HAB-IND.3SG
ofer-fror-en,
over-freeze-PART.NOM.SG.M.STR
sam
same
hit
3SG.N.NOM
sȳ
be.PRS.SJV.SG
sumor
summer.NOM.SG
sam
same
winter.
winter.NOM.SG
FREE TRANSLATION
And if one sets out two vessels full of ale or water, they make it such that either will be frozen over, whether it be summer or winter.
Batch Import Pipeline
Paste one or more gb4e LaTeX Blocks or Plain Old English Text
Upload .tex file
Preview Import